The Suicide Status Form-4 (SSF-IV) as a Potentially Therapeutic Suicide Risk Assessment Tool

Date: March 22, 2024

The first direct empirical test of a long-standing claim: that the SSF — the core assessment instrument within CAMS — is not just a risk assessment tool but a therapeutic intervention in its own right. Working with 57 high-risk patients on an inpatient psychiatric consultation-liaison service at a Level 1 trauma center, the authors used CAMS-Brief Intervention (CAMS-BI) and tracked subjective distress (SUDS) across five time points within each session. Pre-to-post-session distress dropped significantly across patients, with a trend favoring Section A of the SSF.

Authors: Nicolas Oakey-Frost, Emma H. Moscardini, Tovah Cowan, Jessica L. Gerner, Kathleen A. Crapanzano, David A. Jobes, and Raymond P. Tucker.

About the Author

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP
David Jobes, PhD, ABPP, is the founder of CAMS-care, LLC. He began his career in 1987 in the Counseling Center of the Catholic University of America, where he developed a suicide risk assessment tool for college students that evolved into CAMS. Dr. Jobes is now a Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Catholic; he has trained thousands of mental health professionals in the United States and abroad in evidence-based assessment and treatment of suicide risk and the use of CAMS.

Advancing Suicide Intervention Strategies for Teens (ASSIST): Study Protocol for a Multisite Randomised Controlled Trial

Date: December 12, 2023

ASSIST is the protocol for a three-arm RCT comparing the Safety Planning Intervention with structured follow-up (SPI+), the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS), and enhanced usual care for adolescents transitioning from acute to outpatient care after a suicidal crisis. Conducted across two pediatric hospitals, it will help build the evidence base for brief, scalable, suicide-specific interventions for youth.

Authors: Molly Adrian, Elizabeth McCauley, Robert Gallop, Jack Stevens, David A Jobes, Jennifer Crumlish, Barbara Stanley, Gregory K Brown, Kelly L Green,  Jennifer L Hughes, Jeffrey A Bridge

About the Author

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP
David Jobes, PhD, ABPP, is the founder of CAMS-care, LLC. He began his career in 1987 in the Counseling Center of the Catholic University of America, where he developed a suicide risk assessment tool for college students that evolved into CAMS. Dr. Jobes is now a Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Catholic; he has trained thousands of mental health professionals in the United States and abroad in evidence-based assessment and treatment of suicide risk and the use of CAMS.

Reducing Short-Term Suicide Risk After Hospitalization: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality

Date: September 19, 2022

This randomized controlled trial tested whether the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS), delivered through a “next-day appointment” outpatient clinic, reduced suicidal thoughts and behaviors more effectively than treatment as usual (TAU) for adults discharged after a suicide-related hospitalization. One hundred fifty participants — all with at least one lifetime suicide attempt — were randomized to CAMS or TAU and followed for 12 months.

Authors: Comtois, K. A., Hendricks, K. E., DeCou, C. R., Chalker, S. A., Kerbrat, A. H., Crumlish, J., Huppert, T. K., & Jobes, D.

About the Author

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP
David Jobes, PhD, ABPP, is the founder of CAMS-care, LLC. He began his career in 1987 in the Counseling Center of the Catholic University of America, where he developed a suicide risk assessment tool for college students that evolved into CAMS. Dr. Jobes is now a Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Catholic; he has trained thousands of mental health professionals in the United States and abroad in evidence-based assessment and treatment of suicide risk and the use of CAMS.

The Content of Patient-Identified Suicidal Drivers within CAMS Treatment Planning

Date: December 12, 2022

CAMS treats suicide by targeting the “drivers” patients themselves identify as fueling their suicidality. Prior research mapped suicidal ideation on the Suicide Status Form into four dominant themes — relationships, role responsibility, the self, and unpleasant internal states — but the drivers brought into treatment planning had never been studied. Analyzing 332 drivers from 166 patients across two randomized controlled trials, Lynch, Bathe, and Jobes find the same four themes account for roughly 70% of the data, with direct implications for how clinicians focus suicide-specific care.

Authors: Thomas Lynch, Victoria Colborn Bathe, and David A. Jobes

About the Author

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP

David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP
David Jobes, PhD, ABPP, is the founder of CAMS-care, LLC. He began his career in 1987 in the Counseling Center of the Catholic University of America, where he developed a suicide risk assessment tool for college students that evolved into CAMS. Dr. Jobes is now a Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Catholic; he has trained thousands of mental health professionals in the United States and abroad in evidence-based assessment and treatment of suicide risk and the use of CAMS.

What Stops People Seeking Help?

A compelling evidence-based talk examining why suicide prevention in the UK continues to fall short — not from lack of effort, but from intervening too late, persistent stigma, and treatments not designed for suicidality. Professor Zaffer Iqbal, Clinical Director of Psychological Services, University of Hull, presents a clear case for redesigning how and when we engage people at risk.

Suicide Risk Following Hospital Discharge

When a person is facing a serious mental health crisis, they often go to or are taken to the hospital. While at the hospital, the focus is on stabilization and keeping them safe. But what happens once they leave?

Multiple studies show that a patient’s risk of suicide significantly increases once they are discharged from the hospital. [1] In the first week after discharge, the risk of suicide increases by 300 times higher compared to the general population. [2] Also, as many as 30% of patients admitted to the hospital for a suicide-related concern are re-admitted within a year. [3]

Something clearly needs to change. We must better support patients who experience a serious mental health crisis. We also need to help prevent a crisis from happening again. During this vulnerable time, patients deserve the best care possible so they can get on a path to healing. While there are many factors at play when it comes to post-discharge suicide risk, there are some steps that hospitals and clinicians can begin implementing to help start actionable change.

What Happens During Hospital Discharge?

Before a patient is discharged from the hospital, there are steps put in place to help reduce the patient’s risk of suicide. These steps often include creating a safety plan and counseling on reducing access to lethal means. While these are meant to help reduce risk, they are often not enough. The patient is then discharged from the hospital with either a plan for follow-up outpatient care or a care referral. This transition is where the risk period begins.

Why Post-Discharge Care is Often Unsuccessful

There are many factors at play when it comes to suicide after hospitalization. Here are some of the key areas where the systems in place may be failing.

Inconsistent use of screening and assessment tools
Hospitals often vary in how they identify high-risk patients. Many of the tools focus on risk factors rather than digging deeper and identifying the root of the patient’s suicidal thoughts. These standard risk assessments can feel like a checklist rather than a unique, patient-centered approach to treating what lies beneath. They may miss specifics that could be helpful in treating the patient moving forward.

Fragmented care transitions
Currently, there is no standard protocol to follow when it comes to handing off patients in emergency departments to outpatient providers. This handoff is where a lot of the risk comes in because the next steps often rely heavily on the patient. Patients may leave the hospital feeling confused, unsupported, or ill-equipped to take the next steps toward getting long-term, sustainable care. It’s important to also remember that the patient just went through an extremely traumatic event and may still be feeling overwhelmed. It’s important that they have the correct steps laid out in front of them and a plan in place for care with a clinician who can provide further support.

Barriers to accessing outpatient mental health services
Ideally, the first follow-up session after discharge should happen as soon as possible. Unfortunately, follow-up care is not always straightforward or easy to access. Often, the patient does not follow their discharge plans. In fact, around only 50% of patients follow up on their referrals for outpatient care. [4] Depending on the patient’s situation, they may face several barriers when it comes to accessing outpatient care, whether it’s financial, logistical, or a combination.

Challenges Hospitals are Facing

In addition to each of the factors above, hospitals themselves are also facing their own challenges. Many hospitals are overwhelmed. From overcrowded emergency departments to short (and often overworked) staff, hospitals struggle to keep up with the demand. Clinicians may not have the capacity to do a thorough suicide risk assessment of the patient as well as intervention work. There may simply even not be enough space for patients at risk to stay in the hospital for as long as they need to.

Hospitals and emergency departments can also be extremely stressful environments for those already dealing with a mental health crisis. People in emergency rooms for mental health reasons may often be deprioritized due to other more urgent needs coming through the doors. This means that those in a mental health crisis may be waiting for hours if not days before they are truly seen and helped in the ways they may need.

Emergency medical settings are a critical point of care. By providing access to suicide-focused treatment beyond just stabilization, there are opportunities to bridge a consistent gap in mental health care and take the necessary steps towards saving lives.

Tia Tyndal, Ph.D.

How CAMS Can Help Address These Gaps

CAMS, the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality, is an evidence-based clinical framework that is focused on identifying and treating suicidal drivers. CAMS has been used in various mental health care and hospital settings. Here are a few of the ways that CAMS can work to help bridge the gap between inpatient and outpatient care for those in crisis.

  • Structured yet flexible: CAMS works well within fast-paced settings. It can easily be integrated into existing workflows without disrupting other methods and protocols.
  • Improved risk assessment: CAMS tools focus on the patient’s voice and their meaning, not just symptoms or risk assessment scores. It supports clinicians in documenting clear, shared clinical plans.
  • Safety planning that works: Safety planning is a key element of CAMS. It is collaborative, meaning the patient and provider work together to come up with a plan. This helps patients feel more equipped and in control.
  • Bridging the transition: CAMS helps bridge the transition between inpatient and outpatient follow-up care. By providing protocols for follow-up, CAMS helps cement continuity so that no patient falls through the cracks after discharge.
  • Training & skill-building for staff: CAMS provides specific training that helps those working with people in crisis. CAMS Brief Intervention (CAMS-BI™) is a training that is designed to be used for those working in emergency departments.

Complementary Solutions: EmPATH Units

One fairly recent advancement in emergency care for those struggling with a mental health crisis is the development of EmPATH units. As an extension of emergency departments, EmPATH units are designated spaces specifically for those in a mental health crisis. They are designed to offer a more calm and comforting atmosphere. While still fairly new, more EmPATH units continue to be added onto hospitals and clinics across the United States.

Practical Steps Hospitals Can Take Now

While not every hospital has the current ability or resources to add an EmPATH unit into their system, there are other steps that many of them can take in the meantime.

Training & implementation
Training and implementing CAMS is a great place to start. All individuals start with the foundational clinician training. From there, staff can be trained in specific areas, such as CAMS-BI™. Hospitals might consider a phased rollout with champions in key departments to help them as they get started.

Workflow integration
Next, embedding the CAMS Suicide Status Form (SSF) into electronic health records is a way to help make sure nothing slips through the cracks. Hospitals might start aligning their discharge protocols with CAMS documentation. They might also align follow-up procedures. This could happen as they continue to implement CAMS into their system.

Cross-department collaboration
It’s important to be sure that everyone is on the same page. By connecting emergency departments, inpatient psychology and psychiatry, outpatient providers, and care managers, everyone can know the standard protocols of CAMS. If possible, it may be helpful to have times of regular case reviews to refine practice and improve outcomes as well as referrals that continue using CAMS.

A Better Path Forward

Suicide risk after hospital discharge is a serious issue. It seems backwards that the time period after a patient receives care for a crisis is also the time they are at the highest risk of suicide. However, taking steps to lower this risk is doable.

CAMS provides an evidence-based treatment that improves patient care. It is structured, giving clinicians real, concrete steps to follow. It is also extremely adaptable and can be catered to individual patients and their lived experiences. From assessment to discharge to after care, CAMS can be used along every point of a patient’s road to recovery. Hospitals can start pursuing training in CAMS. They can also take steps to better align their departments and clinicians. This will help everyone be on the same page when treating at-risk patients. Nobody should have to slip through the cracks when treatment and hope is available for all.

Frequently Asked Questions

Suicide risk is significantly elevated after hospital discharge because patients are transitioning from a highly structured environment to one where support and monitoring may be less consistent. During this period, individuals may still be coping with the factors that contributed to their crisis while also facing barriers to accessing follow-up care. Research shows that suicide risk can be dramatically higher in the first week after discharge compared to the general population.

The period immediately following discharge—especially the first week—is considered one of the highest-risk times for suicide. However, elevated risk can persist for months as patients attempt to reconnect with outpatient care and stabilize their mental health. Ensuring continuity of care and timely follow-up appointments is critical during this extended vulnerability window.

Common gaps include inconsistent suicide risk assessments, fragmented transitions between hospital and outpatient providers, and limited access to timely follow-up care. Many discharge plans rely heavily on patients to arrange services themselves, which can be difficult during a period of emotional distress. These system challenges can leave individuals feeling unsupported and increase the likelihood of disengagement from treatment.

The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) is an evidence-based clinical framework designed to assess and treat suicidal risk by identifying the psychological drivers behind a person’s suicidal thoughts. Rather than focusing solely on risk factors, CAMS emphasizes a collaborative process between clinician and patient to develop targeted treatment and safety planning. Learn more about the CAMS Framework® at https://cams-care.com/about-cams/.

Hospitals can improve post-discharge suicide prevention by strengthening care transitions, implementing consistent suicide-focused assessments, and ensuring rapid follow-up with outpatient providers. Training clinicians in structured, suicide-specific approaches can also help improve continuity of care and documentation. Many healthcare systems integrate the CAMS approach into their workflows to support assessment, collaborative safety planning, and follow-up care. Learn more about CAMS training at https://cams-care.com/training-certification/.

After Your Child’s Suicide Attempt

What to Do After Your Child’s Suicide Attempt — and How CAMS-Care Can Help

When a child has attempted suicide, the days and weeks that follow are often filled with fear, confusion, guilt, and uncertainty. Many parents describe feeling overwhelmed — unsure of what to say, what to do next, or how to help their child begin to heal. The video Parents to Parents: After Your Child’s Suicide Attempt was created to speak directly to these very real experiences, offering guidance from both clinicians and other parents who have walked this difficult path.

This guidance aligns with principles from the Zero Suicide Initiative, an organization that offers evidence-based, suicide prevention consultation and guidance. Research on the Zero Suicide Framework shows that care is improved (individually and at a system level) when it is proactive, collaborative, and specifically focused on suicide risk rather than general mental health alone.

The video linked at the bottom of this page can help parents understand what recovery actually looks like after an attempt: how to talk with their child, how to create safety, and how to partner with clinicians in a structured and hopeful way during a frightening time.

1. Acknowledge the Emotional Impact

First and foremost, it’s important for caregivers to recognize and validate their own emotions. Guilt, fear, anger, panic, numbness, and even relief can all coexist in the aftermath of a suicide attempt. These feelings are understandable — and common.

The video underscores that, while it can feel isolating, parents are not alone, and their reactions are shared by many families who have survived this crisis.

2. Understand What Comes Next

After the immediate medical response (emergency care, hospitalization if needed), the focus shifts to support and safety. This includes:

  • Co-creating a safe home environment by removing/securing or reducing access to potential means of harm.
  • Engaging with clinicians and mental health providers to initiate follow-up care, including therapy and psychiatric support.
  • Listening openly to your child’s feelings and thoughts without judgment, and letting them know they are loved, valued, and safe. The film encourages parents to learn what signs to watch for, how to talk about the attempt with their child, and how to make mental health care accessible.

3. Seek Evidence-Based Suicide-Focused Care

One essential piece in a child’s recovery journey is accessing evidence-based therapeutic approaches that focus specifically on suicidality rather than general mental health management alone. One such model is the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) — often referenced in suicide care communities and clinical settings.

CAMS is a suicide-specific treatment framework that actively involves the young person in identifying what is “driving” their suicidal thinking and collaboratively building a plan to address those drivers. It’s not a rote checklist; it’s a flexible, empathic approach where the clinician and child (or family) work together to:

  • Assess suicidal risk in depth
  • Create personalized safety and stabilization plans
  • Build treatment beyond safety and stability that moves teens towards lives they find worth living
  • Track progress and adapt care as needed

This model has been supported by research showing reductions in suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and distress, and improved engagement with care — all critical in the period after an attempt.

CAMS-4Teens® is a framework in which a clinician works with the parents to keep the home safe and provide guidance on how best to support your child through a course of CAMS treatment( typically six to 8 one-hour sessions) using the Stabilization Support Plan (CAMS-4Teens: Working with Parents).

Parents can locate a CAMS Trained™ clinician in their area using the CAMS‑care Clinician Locator.

4. Build a Support Team Around Your Child

Recovery is rarely a solo journey. The video highlights the value of connecting with both professional and community support — including family therapists, school counselors, peer support groups, and other caregivers who understand the experience. Parents who have been there often say that having someone to talk to — whether a trained provider or another parent who has survived similar circumstances — can make all the difference.

5. Maintain Hope and Patience 

Perhaps the most crucial message is one of hope. While a suicide attempt is a serious and frightening event, it does not mean a child is beyond help or that recovery isn’t possible. With appropriate care, safety planning, ongoing support, and open, compassionate treatment and communication, many families find their way back to stability and connection. Over time, parents and children can work toward healing together — learning new ways to cope, to stay connected, and to build a future worth living.

Please visit Supporting Parents | Zero Suicide where the film can be viewed in chapters and there are additional resources for healthcare providers, faith leaders, and schools.

Fact vs Fiction: What Actually Works in Contemporary Clinical Suicidology- 2025 CAMS Update

Much of what is done in the name of clinical care for suicidal risk is based a well-established history that centers on controlling a person who is suicidal largely out of fear and a presumption that providers know best what the person needs. Importantly, clinical research is increasingly showing that many common practices for suicidal risk are ineffective or may actually increase risk. This presentation systematically reviews the history of dealing with suicidal risk from its medieval origins, through decades of a carceral medical model approach, right up to present day suicide-focused interventions that reliably and effectively decrease suicidal suffering and related behaviors. This presentation separates fact from fiction–what actually works based on clinical science, in marked contrast to largely fear-based clinical practices that have little to no empirical support too often relying on habit or wishful thinking. To this end, the presentation considers screening for suicidal risk, the use of voluntary and involuntary hospitalization, safety-plan type interventions and other acute interventions, as well as suicide-focused treatments that reliably reduce suicidal risk. Various challenges to enhancing clinical suicide care are considered along with recommendations for the way forward.

David A. Jobes, PhD

About David A. Jobes, Ph.D., ABPP

David A. Jobes, Ph.D., ABPP, is a Professor of Psychology, Director of the Suicide Prevention Laboratory, and Associate Director of Clinical Training at The Catholic University of America. Dr. Jobes is also an Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, at Uniformed Services University. He is the author of seven books and hundreds of articles and book chapters. He is the creator of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) and one of the founders of CAMS-care, LLC (a professional training and consultation company). Dr Jobes is the recipient of many awards such as the 2022 Alfred M. Wellner Award for Lifetime Achievement (for research excellence) from the National Register of Health Service Psychologists and the 2025 “Erwin Ringel Service Award” for contributions to suicide prevention from the International Association of Suicide Prevention (IASP). He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and is board certified in clinical psychology (American Board of Professional Psychology). Dr. Jobes maintains a private clinical and consulting practice in Washington DC and in Maryland.

Kevin Crowley, Ph.D.

About Kevin Crowley, Ph.D.

In addition to serving as a CAMS-care Senior Consultant, Dr. Kevin Crowley works as a Staff Psychologist at Capital Institute for Cognitive Therapy, LLC, and as a Lecturer at The Catholic University of America. He has conducted risk assessments, delivered suicide-specific treatments, and provided suicide-focused consultation and training through the VA Health Care System and outpatient private practices since 2010. He has also been involved in several suicide-focused program evaluations and formal research projects through The Catholic University of America’s Suicide Prevention Laboratory (Washington, DC) and the Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention (Denver, CO). Dr. Crowley’s research to date has emphasized brief interventions for reducing shame and suicide risk, understanding suicide “drivers,” and considerations for optimizing the effectiveness of suicide-focused training. He has presented this research and offered clinical workshops at the annual conventions of both the American Association of Suicidology and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.

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Healthcare System-based Case Formulation of Suicide Events after Acute Care

This presentation will focus on exploring foundational principles of healthcare system-based case formulation using the Exploratory, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) implementation science model. Learners will develop skills for applying the formulation approach to identify the proximal and distal causes of process failure within health systems that lead to adverse suicide-related events.

Edwin Boudreaux, PhD

About Edwin Boudreaux Ph.D.

Edwin D. Boudreaux, PhD, is a clinical health psychologist with a significant focus on suicide prevention and intervention. He holds the position of Professor of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at the UMass Chan Medical School. Dr. Boudreaux is also the Vice Chair of Research for the Department of Emergency and Co-Director of the Center for Accelerating Practice to End Suicide (CAPES).
He received his undergraduate education at the University of Louisiana and earned his PhD from Louisiana State University, where he studied health psychology. He completed his internship at the Medical University of South Carolina, specializing in addiction treatment. Dr. Boudreaux is licensed as a clinical psychologist in Massachusetts and has a strong background in integrating behavioral health across various medical settings, including emergency medicine, inpatient, and primary care.

 

David A. Jobes, PhD

About David A. Jobes Ph.D. ABPP

David Jobes, PhD, ABPP, is the founder of CAMS-care, LLC. He began his career in 1987 in the Counseling Center of the Catholic University of America, where he developed a suicide risk assessment tool for college students that evolved into CAMS. Dr. Jobes is now a Professor of Psychology and Associate Director of Clinical Training at Catholic; he has trained thousands of mental health professionals in the United States and abroad in evidence-based assessment and treatment of suicide risk and the use of CAMS.

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Suicide in Healthcare Workers: U.S. Rates, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Suicide Risks of Healthcare Workers in the US - Feature Image

Healthcare workers play a crucial role in our world. From routine care to emergency situations, people in these professions are the ones we look to when we need care. However, even before the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the globe, the healthcare field had a reputation of being difficult. Healthcare professionals have historically been overworked, underappreciated, and dealt with issues such as stress, burnout, and other negative mental health outcomes. 

Which Healthcare Workers Face the Highest Suicide Risk?

Between 2008 and 2019, a survey studied six types of healthcare professionals, including doctors and nurses. It also looked at technicians, support staff, and social health workers, comparing them to workers outside of healthcare. The findings revealed that registered nurses, health technicians, and healthcare support workers were at a greater risk of suicide than non-healthcare workers. [1]

Healthcare Worker Suicide Rate: What the Latest U.S. Data Shows

It’s difficult to determine the exact number of healthcare workers who die by suicide each year. However, according to findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Violent Death Reporting System, it’s estimated that there are approximately 119 heathcare worker deaths by suicide each year in the U.S. [2] Because suicide among healthcare workers is clearly an issue, it’s important to explore why this is the case and what steps can be taken for suicide prevention for healthcare workers. 

COVID-19: Shedding Light on an Existing Problem

During the pandemic, healthcare workers were on the front lines. Clinics and hospitals quickly became overcrowded as COVID spread and people needed care and testing. A study from NCSBN found that 62% of nurses reported an increase in their workload during the pandemic. They also found that approximately 100,000 nurses left the workforce during the pandemic. 

A reported 610,388 of nurses intended to leave the workforce by 2027, due to stress, burnout, and retirement. [3] Another report from the CDC found that nearly half of all healthcare workers in the United States were experiencing burnout during the pandemic and intended to leave the field in 2022. [4]

While the pandemic certainly increased the load that healthcare workers carried, it also made the public more aware of the struggles that those in healthcare-related professions experience on a regular basis. Issues such as poor working conditions, harassment, and chronic understaffing have been existing problems for decades. 

According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 74% of workplace violence in the U.S. in 2013 took place in healthcare settings. [5] These numbers only seem to be increasing. The 2023 CDC Vital Signs report found that the number of healthcare workers who experience harassment doubled from 2018 to 2022. [6]

Violence in healthcare settings can happen for a number of reasons. Patients may lash out if they are anxious, in pain, or dealing with other mental health issues. Family members of patients may also act out due to anxiety or while seeing their loved one in pain. Some people may also expect care and service to be met to their specific standards. If it’s not, these people may become frustrated and take it out on the nurses and other professionals who are simply trying to do their jobs. 

The pandemic also had lasting effects on other areas of practice. The pandemic presented unique obstacles for mental and behavioral healthcare professionals, both during and after the crisis. While frontline healthcare workers faced the pandemic’s immediate impacts, mental healthcare workers are managing its long-term effects. Many people have turned to therapy to help them process everything that happened. As a result, mental healthcare workers have also seen an increased workload, causing them to deal with burnout as well.

Factors that Lead to Suicide in Healthcare Workers

Working in a healthcare-related field often contributes to high amounts of stress and pressure. Caring for others requires a person to set aside their own needs in order to prioritize someone else’s. However, when a person is constantly neglecting their own needs for hours or even days at a time, it can lead to long-term negative effects on their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

1. Burnout

Burnout is one of the biggest stressors that healthcare workers face. Nurses often work long shifts, sometimes over 12 hours at a time, while physicians may work upwards of 60 hours per week. [7] Depending on the day’s demands, they may be taking on more tasks than time allows. This was especially true during the pandemic when healthcare facilities were dealing with staffing shortages due to illness and struggled to keep up with the demand for care. 

Burnout can lead to many issues, including risk of medical errors and inefficiency. According to the Mayo Clinic, when someone experiences physical burnout, it’s like missing out on the productivity of seven entire classes of medical school graduates. [8] Studies have shown that as many as 75% of all healthcare professionals struggle with burnout, with up to 12% of these individuals dealing with suicidal ideation. [9]

2. Lack of Support

Being without support is another common issue affecting many in the healthcare industry. In the nursing field, this may look like insufficient staffing, lack of resources, and demanding workloads. Nurses may be assigned to more patients than they are able to properly care for when staffing is low or a hospital is busy. High demands and pressure from other staff may lead to presenteeism. Presenteeism is when an employee is physically at their job despite being ill or unwell to the point of not being able to perform their role effectively. Nurses have the highest rates of presenteeism in the workforce. [10]

3. Trauma

Finally, exposure to trauma plays a huge role in one’s mental health. Nurses in particular are exposed to traumatic situations regularly, especially in emergency settings. The pandemic brought about a whole new level of this as more of the population was dealing with severe illness. Being exposed regularly to people who are suffering can lead to compassion fatigue and secondary traumatic stress, which both can cause symptoms such as increased anxiety and irritability. It may even lead to post traumatic stress disorder or other issues such as substance use disorders.

Nursing Shortage in the United States

It’s no surprise that nurses and other healthcare professionals are leaving the field, especially after the pandemic. Unfortunately, this leaves healthcare facilities at a loss and puts a greater burden on those who continue to stay and work. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that by 2030, the world may be short of 5.7 million nurses. [11]

The U.S. in particular has been seeing a decrease in nurses, which is alarming as the Baby Boomer generation continues to age, needing increased care. [12] Additionally, nursing school enrollment may not be keeping up with the demands of projected care needs. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) reported drops in both PhD and master’s nursing programs by 3.1% and 0.9%. [13]

Further Impact on the Community 

When healthcare workers are undervalued, it can have serious consequences that affect the rest of the community. There are many ways in which the lack of support can have lasting impacts, especially since the pandemic.

1. Reduced Quality of Care

As stated earlier, when healthcare staff are overworked, there is an increased risk of errors. This can lead to mistakes in patient care. The quality of service may decline. Patients might become dissatisfied. They might avoid seeking care when needed.. Over time, this could lead to a wider distrust in the healthcare system as a whole. 

2. Strained Relationships

Those working demanding healthcare jobs may not have the time or energy to give to other relationships in their life. Because of this, they may become detached. When nurses and healthcare professionals are seen as detached, it affects public opinion. It can make them seem impersonal or rude. This contributes to a negative view of the field. As a result, people may hesitate to receive care. They may also be less likely to pursue jobs in the industry.

3. Financial Toll

High employee turnover due to poor working conditions and employees’ mental health issues can have negative financial consequences and lead to higher operational costs. This can create ripple effects through the community, making care more expensive and difficult to access for many.

Barriers That Keep Healthcare Workers From Seeking Help

Healthcare workers may be reluctant to seek help for several reasons. Those with demanding work schedules and long shifts may struggle to find the time needed to pursue therapy or other support.

There is also the fear that seeking help may impact one’s career in the healthcare field. People in various types of caretaking roles are expected to “have it all together.” Because so much time is spent caring for others, the thought of caring for themselves may not cross their mind as frequently as it should.

 

What Hospitals and Health Systems Can Do to Prevent Suicide Among Staff

1. Reducing Stigma

Open conversations about mental health are essential. This is especially true in workplaces. Healthcare settings, in particular, need this openness. It helps reduce the stigma. It keeps mental health a priority for everyone. Fostering these conversations is an easy first step among colleagues. Check in with each other after long days or tough moments. Acknowledge difficult situations and process through them together. 

2. Expanding Resources for Mental Health and Suicide

Another important element is having resources readily available for staff to access when they’re struggling. Employee assistance programs (EAPs) and other support groups are a good step, as well as providing access to mental health screening tools. However, larger scale change needs to happen for there to be a true difference made. 

In 2024, Australia introduced a Nurse and Midwife Health Program. It aims to support those in the workforce. This encourages them to stay in the field. Nurses, midwives, and students can speak with peers. These peers have experienced similar situations. They offer practical support. Similarly, in 2024, Canada launched a toolkit. It is intended for use across their healthcare system. This toolkit focuses on eight themes and is aimed at helping healthcare employers retain their employees. [14] While the U.S. has taken a few steps toward providing resources, there is more that can be done to support healthcare workers and ensure better working conditions. Suicide prevention training for healthcare professionals and other mental health services need to be easily accessible to help those who are struggling.

3. Encouraging Future Generations

Additionally, it is crucial to encourage the next generation to pursue a career in healthcare. It is rewarding and beneficial for others and themselves. Several statewide initiatives are helping address the nurse shortage. These initiatives make education more accessible for interested students. However, larger-scale change is necessary. This change is needed for others to feel a sense of safety. They need to feel safe entering a demanding profession. Healthcare is known for being physically, mentally, and emotionally demanding. 

 

Healthcare Workers Deserve Change

Those who work in a profession of caring for others often have the hardest time caring for themselves. However, this is not their fault. There are larger issues at play that make it extremely difficult for people in professions such as nursing to have the time and resources to be able to support themselves. The pandemic also added another layer of complication to an already struggling system. 

For U.S. healthcare professionals, suicide and mental health issues are growing concerns. These should not be ignored. Burnout and high numbers of healthcare workers leaving the field should continue to be studied since these go hand-in-hand. 

Change needs to happen so that healthcare professionals don’t continue to suffer. Patients deserve to see healthcare workers who are feeling their best and can perform their job to the best of their ability. Ensuring the safety of those in healthcare roles is more than simply an ethical responsibility. It is an essential step toward creating a more sustainable healthcare system for all.

Remember, if you or a loved one are struggling, the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is available.

Sources:
[1] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10523169/ 

[2] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13548506.2021.1903053 

[3]  https://www.ncsbn.org/news/ncsbn-research-projects-significant-nursing-workforce-shortages-and-crisis 

[4] https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/health-worker-mental-health/index.html 

[5] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5580583/#B3-ijerph-14-00879 

[6] https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/health-worker-mental-health/index.html 

[7] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6367114/

[8] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6367114/ 

[9] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9098943/ 

[10] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9098943/ 

[11] https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/nursing/world-may-be-short-5-7m-nurses-by-2030-4-report-takeaways/ 

[12] https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-data/fact-sheets/nursing-shortage 

[13] https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-data/fact-sheets/nursing-shortage 

[14] https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2024/03/improving-the-working-lives-of-nurses-across-canada.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com 

Frequently Asked Questions

Research indicates that certain healthcare roles, including registered nurses, health technicians, and support workers, may face higher suicide risk compared to non-healthcare workers, though risk can vary across professions and settings. Factors such as workload, access to means, and repeated exposure to stress and trauma may contribute to this elevated risk. Understanding these patterns is an important step in developing effective suicide prevention for healthcare workers, including structured, suicide-focused approaches like the CAMS Framework®. Learn more about the CAMS Framework®: https://cams-care.com/about-cams/

Healthcare workers may avoid seeking mental health support due to demanding schedules, concerns about professional stigma, and fear that disclosure could impact their careers. Cultural expectations within caregiving professions can also reinforce the belief that providers should manage distress independently, which can delay help-seeking. Addressing these barriers is essential for improving access to mental health services and supporting suicide prevention among healthcare workers.

Burnout, trauma exposure, and workplace violence are interconnected factors that can increase suicide risk among healthcare workers by contributing to chronic stress, emotional exhaustion, and conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. High rates of burnout and exposure to patient suffering or aggression can lead to compassion fatigue, anxiety, and suicidal ideation if left unaddressed. These risks highlight the need for comprehensive suicide prevention training for healthcare professionals that directly targets suicidal drivers and supports ongoing assessment and care. Learn more about the CAMS Framework®: https://cams-care.com/about-cams/